Basketball :: Art

Ball An out-line of the occasion or game A brief out line of b-ball is it is a game played with a siphoned round ball between two groups of five players each on a rectangular court. In expert or minor rivalry b-ball is normally played inside, however it shouldn't be. Each group attempts to score by shooting the ball through different groups objective at each finish of the court, over their heads. The objective is a round circle and net called a bin. The group scoring the most such tosses, through field objectives or foul shots, dominates the game. Hardware utilized You needn't bother with a great deal of hardware to play ball all you need is a b-ball, a court and a couple of b-ball rings. The ball court is in a state of a square shape going in size from around 29 m by 15 m to around 22 m by 13 m. At each finish of the court is a backboard put behind the ring, estimating ordinarily around 2 m by 1 m, this is additionally in a rectangular shape in spite of the fact that in certain collections in America it is more in a state of this. Every typical rectangular backboard is about 2.7 m (around 9 ft) over the court. The containers are appended immovably to the backboards around 3 m (around 10 ft) over the playing surface. Every crate is around 46 cm (around 18 in) in distance across and comprises of a round band, or metal ring, from which a wide-coincided white net is hung. The guideline ball is a swelled, calfskin or nylon-secured circle that weighs from 567 to 624 g (20 to 22 oz.) and has a perimeter of around 76-cm (around 30 in). What is included A traditional ball group, which is coordinated by a mentor, is comprised of two advances, two gatekeepers, and an inside. The two advances are normally the better of the shooters and are extremely speedy. In the bounce the two of them remain between the circle and the adversaries bushel. The two watchmen remain in the backcourt. The middle, normally the tallest player in the group who remains inside a circle that has a range of around 61 cm (around 24 in) and is found halfway along a line painted over the focal point of the court. The game initiates with the clue, when the arbitrator hurls the ball into the air over the inside hover, in which the contradicting focuses stand up close and personal.

Indian Auto Industry Free Essays

The Indian Mid-Segment Passenger Car Industry Nitin Gupta* and Vaibhav Shekhar** The Indian car industry is one of the quickest developing vehicle enterprises on the planet. The low entrance level of vehicles in India combined with ascend in the discretionary cashflow of its working populace has made it an alluring goal for worldwide car makers. This case manages the average size vehicle section of the traveler vehicle industry in India. We will compose a custom article test on Indian Auto Industry or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now In 2009-10, this section represented roughly 12. % of the absolute traveler vehicles made in India and its Year-on-year (YoY) development rate was around 15%. The significant players in this section incorporate Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai Motors India, Ford India, General Motors India, Honda Siel India, Mahindra-Renault and Hindustan Motors. Notwithstanding the current players, different new players like Volkswagen, Nissan, Fiat, and so on , have either as of now entered in this section or are going to enter. The case features different issues being looked by current just as new contestants in this portion. The case gives thorough contemporary information on the moderate size vehicle section of the traveler vehicle industry in India. Examination of the case should be possible utilizing Porter’s five powers model. Numerous individuals purchase reduced vehicles today since they don't have the cash to purchase a car. So there is a high optimistic worth appended to fair size vehicles and fresher vehicles at lower costs will just make more individuals consider getting them. †Pradeep Saxena, Head of the Auto Research Division at Consultancy Firm TNS1 Introduction Car Industry is viewed as one of the key segments of any economy; it is fit for being the driver of financial development due to the two its regressive just as forward linkages with different parts of the economy. As per the Automotive Mission Plan (2006-16), India is one of the quickest developing vehicle enterprises on the planet. The sector’s share in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rose from 2. 8% in monetary year 1992-93 (April 1992-March 1993) to 5% in financial year 2005-06 2 and it has been rising each year from that point forward. In the year 2009-10, Indian car industry created in excess of 2 million traveler vehicles and more than 0. 5 million business vehicles. 3 According to the Eleventh Five Year Plan4 (2007-12), after advancement in 1991, Indian * ** 1 2 3 4 Assistant Professor, IBS, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: prof. nitingupta@gmail. com Research Scholar, IBS, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: vaibhav. shekhar@yahoo. com http://timesofindia. indiatimes. com/articleshow/2888603. cms http://www. oppapers. om/expositions/India-Automobile-Industry/155618 Society for Indian Automobile producers, accessible at http://www. siamindia. com/transfer/AMP . pdf Report by the Working Group on Automotive Industry, Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12), Department of Heavy Industries, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, India (August 2006). The IUP Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. VII, No. 3, 2010  © 2010 IUP All Rights Reserved. . 60 Automotive Industry had enlisted a breathtaking development of 17% during five financial years running between 2000-01 and 2005-06. Till 2002-03, it had accomplished a venture of INR6 50,000 cr (US$10. 99 bn7) which went up to INR 80,000 cr in 2007 (US$17. 58 bn8) with a turnover of INR 165,000 cr (US$36. 26 bn). Additionally, a speculation worth INR 35,000 cr (US$7. 69 bn) was in the pipeline. 9 According to the Annual Report (2007-08) of Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Government of India, India is the second biggest bike maker on the planet, fifth biggest business vehicle producer on the planet, biggest maker of tractors on the planet and fourth biggest traveler vehicle advertise in Asia. This accomplishment of the Indian car industry could be credited to the Indian government’s choice to de-permit the part followed by up to 100% remote direct speculation through programmed course which empowered the business to set out on another excursion since 1991. The above activities brought about setting up of assembling offices by major worldwide players. It brought about the gigantic upgrade of the creation level of autos (which included traveler vehicles, business vehicles, bikes and three heelers) from 2 million of every 1991 to 11. 17 million vehicles in 2008-09. 10 The above measures taken by the Indian Government made India the new platform for worldwide vehicle makers like Honda, Ford, Hyundai, General Motors, and so forth. Rising degree of pay of the Indians, accessibility of simple credit office, relaxations in guidelines by the Indian government as far as import taxes and value guidelines could be ascribed as significant explanations behind this upsurge. The c ase focuses on the moderate size vehicle fragment in India. It examines the purposes behind the development of this fragment and the contemporary development drifts that it appears. The significant issues that the case raises are: How is the effect of different outer components molding this fragment and what might be the eventual fate of this portion? Moderate size Car Segment in India A fair sized car11 is alluded to as a vehicle whose size lay between a little estimated vehicle (Mini and Compact) and a full-sized vehicle (Premium and Luxury). 12 It is for the most part valued between INR 3 lakh13 (US$6,953. 41) and INR 8 lakh (US$17,582. 2) with a conveying limit of 4 travelers (2 grown-ups and 2 youngsters). The significant players in this portion incorporate Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai Motors India, Ford India, General Motors India, Honda Siel India, Mahindra-Renault and Hindustan Motors (HM). Between the money related years, 2004-05 and 2009-10, the creation of traveler vehicles in India rose from 1,027,858 units to 2,078,392 uni ts, a wonderful ascent of over 100% underway in only five years. In any case, during a similar timespan (2004-05 to 2009-10), the 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 Indian Automotive Industry incorporates Automobile Industry and Auto Component Industry. INR = Indian Rupee. Swapping scale: 1 US$ = INR 45. 50 (pertinent as on March 20, 2010). Figures of 2007 has been taken from Annual Report 2007-08, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Government of India. Figures as on 2006-07. Source: Annual Report 2007-08, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Government of India. http://www. ibef. organization/industry/autos. spx Refer to Appendix for subtleties on grouping of traveler vehicles. http://auto. indiamart. com/vehicles/medium size vehicles. html 1 lakh = A Hundred Thousand. 61 The Indian Mid-Segment Passenger Car Industry creation of the moderate size vehicles couldn't stay up with the monstrous increment in the traveler vehicles in India and it expanded by only 40. 5 % (see to Table 1). Accordingly, the portion of average size vehicles as for the all out traveler vehicles delivered dropped from over 18% in 2004-05 to under 13% in 2009-10 (see Table 2). Table 1: Total Production of Passenger Vehicles in India Indicator Total Production Total Mini Cars Production Total Compact Cars Production Total Mid-Size Cars Production Total Executive Cars Production Total Premium Cars Production Total Luxury Cars Production MUVs Production Figures in Units 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 1,027,858 1,112,794 1,322,739 127,175 614,137 187,345 26,673 5,017 140 67,371 98,047 714,985 200,019 27,660 5,333 89 66,661 99,400 881,665 212,763 39,478 4,477 249 84,707 ,531,545 1,619,095 2,078,392 81,179 245,972 44,166 5,745 525 105,333 62,323 229,239 33,526 7,527 543 102,128 69,195 263,352 42,293 9,092 375 151,908 1,048,625 1,183,809 1,542,177 Source: Center for Monitoring of Indian Economy: Industry Analysis Services Database Table 2: Segment-Wise Share in Production of Passenger Vehicles in India Indicator Total Mini Cars Production Total Compact Cars Production Total Mid-Size Cars Production Total Executive Cars Production Total Premium Ca rs Production Total Luxury Cars Production MUVs Production Figures in Percentages 2004-05 12. 7 59. 75 18. 23 2. 60 0. 49 0. 01 6. 55 2005-06 8. 81 64. 25 17. 97 2. 49 0. 48 0. 01 5. 99 2006-07 7. 51 66. 65 16. 09 2. 98 0. 34 0. 02 6. 40 2007-08 5. 30 68. 47 16. 06 2. 88 0. 38 0. 03 6. 88 2008-09 3. 85 73. 12 14. 16 2. 07 0. 46 0. 03 6. 31 2009-10 3. 33 74. 20 12. 67 2. 03 0. 44 0. 02 7. 31 Source: Center for Monitoring of Indian Economy: Industry Analysis Services Database An indication of developing economy in India is that since 2004-05 the offer of traveler vehicles consistently surpassed the creation of traveler vehicles (aside from in the year 2007-08) (allude to Tables 1 and 3). Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, the offer of traveler vehicles likewise indicated marvelous development of over 100% (allude to Table 3). Of the complete vehicles sold between 2004-05 and 2009-10, the portion of medium size vehicles dropped from only under 20% to simply over 14% (allude to Table 4). These patterns have started to cause considerable concern among the makers of the medium size vehicles and they have begun to investigate the variables that are affecting such a pattern. 62 The IUP Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. VII, No. 3, 2010 Table 3: Total Sales of Passenger Vehicles in India Pointer Total Car Sales Total Mini Car Sales Total Compact Cars Sales Total Mid-Size Cars Sales Total Executive Cars Sales Total Premium Cars Sales Total Luxury Cars Sales MUV Figures in Units 2004-05 1,047,109 124,447 617,837 206,888 25,646 5,876 155 66,260 2005-06 1,119,657 1,00,422 7,00,046 217,849 27,529 6,261 91 67,459 2006-07 1,353,574 96,103 890,504 235,355 40,964 5,978 249 84,421 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 1,516,716 1,659,777 2,120,366 87,003 249,152 42,195 6,209 862 101,871 63,992 271,662 33,641 9,042 1,093 107,767 69,004 299,175 46,686 11,455 1,265 151,869 1,029,424 1,172,580 1,540,912 Source: Center for Monitoring of Indian Economy: Ind

Startup quotes Richard Branson from Virgin

Startup quotes Richard Branson from Virgin Richard Branson, born on July 18th in 1950, is a famous entrepreneur and investor who is best known for starting Virgin Group.List of companies Richard startedThe student magazine; a magazine that advertised popular records and became an overnight success.Record shop; Richard started a record shop in Oxford Street in London where he sold records with a large discount.Virgin records; a music label that recorded for famous artists such as the sex pistols. Virgin atlantic airways; In 2012, it was the 7th largest UK airline in terms of passenger volume.Virgin mobile; it was the worlds first Mobile Virtual Network Operator. Now, Virgin mobile is active multiple countries.Virgin money; Bank that is active in the UK, Australia, and Australia. In 2012, it bought Northern Rock.Hundreds of other companies are part of Richard Bransons Virgin Group.Startup quotes from Richard Branson#1: BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES ARE LIKE BUSES, THERES ALWAYS ANOTHER ONE COMING#2: COMPLEXITY IS YOUR ENEMY. ANY FOOL CAN MAKE SOMETHING COMPLICATED. IT IS HARD TO KEEP THINGS SIMPLE. #3: DONT THINK WHATS THE CHEAPEST WAY TO DO IT OR WHATS THE FASTEST WAY TO DO IT. THINK „WHATS THE MOST AMAZING WAY TO DO IT.#4: A COMPANY IS PEOPLE EMPLOYEES WANT TO KNOW AM I BEING LISTENED TO OR AM I A COG IN THE WHEEL? PEOPLE REALLY NEED TO FEEL WANTED.#5: WHEN PEOPLE ARE PLACED IN POSITIONS SLIGHTLY ABOVE WHAT THEY EXPECT, THEY ARE APT TO EXCEL. #6: YOU CAN NEVER GO TOO FAR WRONG BY THINKING LIKE A CUSTOMER WHOS NEW TO THE BUSINESS. #7: THE TIME TO GO INTO A NEW BUSINESS IS WHEN IT’S BADLY RUN BY OTHERS.

German Verbs Haben (to Have) and Sein (to Be)

The two most important German verbs are  haben  (to have) and  sein  (to be). As in most languages, the verb to be is one of the oldest verbs in German, and therefore one of the most irregular. The verb to have is only slightly less irregular, but no less vital to surviving speaking German. The Rules of Haben in German Well start with  haben. Look at the following table for the conjugation of  haben  in the present tense, along with sample sentences. Notice the strong resemblance to English for many forms of this verb, with most forms only one letter off from the English ( habe/have, hat/has). In the case of the familiar you (du), the German verb is identical to Old English: thou hast is du hast. Haben  is also used in some German expressions that are translated with to be in English. For example:   Ich habe Hunger.  (Im hungry.) Haben  -  To  Have Deutsch English Sample Sentences Singular ich habe I have Ich habe einen roten Wagen. (I have a red car.) du hast you (fam.) have Du hast mein Buch. (You have my book.) er hat he has Er hat ein blaues Auge. (He has a black eye.) sie hat she has Sie hat blaue Augen. (She has blue eyes.) es hat it has Es hat keine Fehler. (It has no flaws.) ​ Plural wir haben we have Wir haben keine Zeit. (We have no time.) ihr habt you (guys) have Habt ihr euer Geld? (Do yall have your money?) sie haben they have Sie haben kein Geld. (They have no money.) Sie haben you have Haben Sie das Geld? (You, sir, have no money.) Note: Sie, formal you, is both singular and plural. To Be or Not to Be  (Sein Oder Nicht Sein) Look at the following table for the conjugation of  sein  (to be) in the present tense. Notice how similar the German and English forms are in the third person (ist/is). Sein  -  To  Be Deutsch English Sample Sentences Singular ich bin I am Ich bin es. (Its me.) du bist you (fam.) are Du bist mein Schatz. (You are my darling.) er ist he is Er ist ein netter Kerl. (He is a nice guy.) sie ist she is Ist sie da? (Is she here?) es ist it is Es ist mein Buch. (It is my book.) Plural wir sind we are Wir sind das Volk. (We are the people/nation.) Note: This was the slogan of 1989 East German protests in Leipzig. ihr seid you (guys) are Seid ihr unsere Freunde? (Are you guys our friends?) sie sind they are Sie sind unsere Freunde. (They are our friends.) Sie sind you are Sind Sie Herr Meier? (Are you, sir, Mr. Meier?) Note: Sie, formal you, is both singular and plural.

Summary 24 Hour Coffee Shop - 1932 Words

24-Hour Coffee Shop Tauriel hates the midnight shift of the coffee shop. She has asked Legolas to switch shifts with her countless times, but he always refuses with a smile. Legolas has the morning shift with one of his classmates from university, Kà ­li. Legolas does not even need the job in Dori s coffee shop, his father s political position and family wealth leaves him well off. While the morning shift was busy, the steady stream of customers and orders made the 8hr shifts fly by as she had learned when she had covered Kà ­li’s shift one day. This was the best job that she could find though without leaving the town of Dale. If she left, if she went back to Greenwood, there would be plenty of jobs, or if she travelled to the more populated west or south. However, the quiet of the desolate North suits her for the time being. It is here that she wants to be. The midnight shifts, 10pm-6am, however are boring. She has caught herself falling asleep on the bar with a book in her hands more than once. The one good thing about this shift was that it supplies her with ample time to read some of the hundreds of books that are on her to-read list. Tonight she cannot get into the volume that is now laying open and face down on the countertop, Reading in the Dark . It is interesting, she wants to read it, but she cannot seem to get into the story. Therefore, she finds other things to do with her time. Tonight she has washed every surface in the small coffee shop, but not aShow MoreRelatedTims Coffee Shop1355 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyze Report for Tim’s Coffee Shop AB299-02 01/19/2011 Nicole Badgley Executive Summary The coffee shop can become more profitable with some minor changes. The business is open 20 hours per day. It would be wise to expand the business hours to 24 hours per day. 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What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain’s cities in the last ten years Free Essays

string(190) " educational attainment meant that children did not have the skills required of them to become a member of the labour force, and so often became dependent upon welfare \(Crowther, C 1997\)\." What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain’s cities in the last ten years? Stephenie Thourgood What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain’s Cities in the last ten years? This essay aims to introduce types of social conflict that prevail in today’s society and identify possible causes to the social conflict that has occurred in British cities within the last decade. Social conflict is the struggle between individuals or groups of people within a society that have opposing beliefs/ interests to other groups. From these struggles, tensions are produced and are expressed in a variety of ways often through anti-social behaviour such as theft, drugs, riots, attacks, demonstrations, strikes, hooliganism and vandalism. We will write a custom essay sample on What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain’s cities in the last ten years? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main focus of this paper will be the causes behind the riots in British cities in the last ten years, as riots are a form of social conflict easier to measure than the other forms; Riots occur sporadically and last for a certain duration. Crime for example is an ongoing process in all areas of the country. The essay will conclude by suggesting changes to be made to reduce social conflict in Britain. Britain has a history of city riots that were probably most prominent in the 1980’s in areas such as Brixton and Manchester. There have been thirteen recorded riots between 1991 and 1992 where the police temporarily lost control over the violence. All of the riots occurred in council estates on the periphery of London in low-income areas with long standing socio-economic problems. Unemployment levels were far above the national average. The participants were predominantly young white British males aged between 10 and 30 years old. There tended to be a high concentration of young people, in some areas over half of the residents were under 24 years of age (Power, A 1997. ppix). Individuals in society have labelled this group of people the ‘underclass’. There are however different understandings of what is meant by the ‘underclass’. It would seem that in a time where the class system is supposedly dead, class differences still exist. The ‘underclass’ in this paper will be considered as people with † low educational attainment, a lack of adequate skills †¦. ,shared spatial location, dependency on welfare, unemployment and under-employment†¦ pathological family structures and the inter-generational transmission of poverty; involvement in the unreported economy and a pre-disposition to criminal and disorderly behaviour†( Crowther, C, 1997 pp7). In the way that the working class had little power in the capitalist system until they formed a global alliance of all workers (proletariat), the underclass too struggle to make a difference until they unite and riot (Dicken, P 1990). There are many reasons behind social conflict and there are also catalysts that trigger the social disorder such as riots. Community is often a group of people with shared interests, a neighbourhood where residents feel a sense of identification and belonging. Traditionally a sense of community was based around the neighbourhood you resided. This concept is fast deteriorating as new community identities within communities evolve e. g. the ‘gay community’ and ‘ethnic communities’. These divisions within the community produce conflict as the various groups have different interests and perceived priorities in the neighbourhood (Hogget, P, 1997). Social tensions also occur due to demographical factors surrounding the communities. The housing estates that often witness violent outbreaks tend to have a population of predominantly young people, unemployed or on a low income, living in council housing. The estate is then branded an economically deprived area. If there were a mix in the wealth of the estate then role models for the less affluent would exist and give the deprived younger resident something to aspire to. Due to the young age of a large percentage of the residents, they are easily influenced and attracted to the mobilized violence, as there is support from fellow young residents and peers. Smaller groups of youngsters living on the estates would find it difficult to make an impression as numbers would be too small to cause the large scale of disorder evident in the riots of the last decade. â€Å"A mix of more mature households with younger families would provide stronger community constraints† (Power, A etal, 1997, ppxi). There was an increase in the amount of migrants living in Britain since the 1950’s, this is no longer encouraged and constraints have been placed upon the process. Newly arriving immigrants were housed in the poorer areas of Britain. Obviously different ethnic groups have different cultures and interests. By housing them alongside the poorer British residents, very different groups were forced to live together in one community. As a result of this process there became a high concentration of poverty stricken ethnic minority groups living in densely overpopulated areas, which created tensions and pressure on local services. Equal opportunities policies sought to eliminate racial discrimination suffered by the ethnic minorities, by increasing the amount of minority employees. White unemployed residents job-hunting would find themselves in direct competition with the minority groups and therefore feel bitter that the minority groups can obtain work in Britain where some of the British can not (Crowther, C 1997). â€Å"Although race was not a dominant issue in the riots, individual minority families became targets of hate† (Power, A etal. 1997 pp 20) The white residents of the estates wanted to blame someone for their undesirable situation and targeted ethnic minorities as scapegoats to take their anger out upon in some of the riots. The economic disadvantage of the residents of these estates also contributed to the outbreaks. Education was often not reinforced by families on the estates, as they too had never had the importance of education demonstrated to them. Due to the lack of education, they knew of no alternative option to voice their opinions other than by violent methods such as rioting. Low educational attainment meant that children did not have the skills required of them to become a member of the labour force, and so often became dependent upon welfare (Crowther, C 1997). You read "What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain’s cities in the last ten years?" in category "Papers" The provision of welfare undermines individual responsibility by giving rational human agents the incentives to not work and provide for themselves, thereby creating welfare dependency† (Crowther, C 1997. pp9). Girls very rarely played any major part in the rioting. This can be explained by the fact that girls achieved higher in school. They were more successful than boys in gaining employment and so had a sense of self-fulfilment. As boys’ educational attainment levels were lower they were exposed to the feeling of failure, which carried on into their years of job seeking (Power, A etal, 1997). Many of the girls may have been mothers and as mother women may have recognised their responsibilities socially and did not want to be associated with the violence. Males, however, did not maintain their social role as a father and readily participated in the riots (Ginsberg, N 1993). The recession contributed to rioting also as it caused changes in the labour market that when combined with racial competition led to ever increasing tensions: â€Å"Throughout the course of their struggle to improve their market situation the ‘white’ labour force often entered into antagonistic relations with ‘black labourers. Thus the segregation of ‘white’ from ‘black’ workers is shaped by individual attitudes and actions† (Crowther, C 1997, pp 12) The young unemployed people become bored as they have much free time and limited finance to pursue on interesting activities/hobbies. As a result of this they often turn to crime for means of enjoyment, excitement and to increase their income. Unemployment can give people a feeling of low self worth and a lack of respect from their family. Various types of crime such as stealing a car may often earn them respect from their peers and families especially if there is financial gain. This had a circular effect however as crime on the estate caused conflict between the victimised residents and the criminal population of the area (Altman, I 1975). Political factors can also help to explain the reasons behind social conflict. The areas that tend to be prone to disturbance tend to be areas that major government programmes are focussed upon. The Government created massive programmes that entailed investing money to improve housing, transport and urban renewal. An estate based housing office, a tenants association, health projects, community development trusts, policing projects are examples of the types of programmes initiated. They aimed to improve the immediate vicinity of the poorer estates, but the programmes had a short-term impact. It is true that the projects improved the quality of life for the residents, but nothing was done to increase education or job prospects. The government provided the estates with no means to continually support themselves and sustain their improved lifestyle. After time the services became run down again and the unemployed resident is still poor and frustrated. Government resources were scarce as they tried to divide the budget between all the different needs of the sub-communities within the community (Hogget, P 1997). â€Å"The cost of growing dependency by community organisations on such programmes in any areas became apparent†¦. community groups often found themselves in a struggle for scarce resources†¦ which exacerbated existing lines of tension between communities of difference† ( Hoggett, P 1997 pp10). Residents were previously not involved in the decision-making process on how funding was to be spent; they had no control over what was done in their community space. Had they been consulted they would probably have opted for a scheme that aimed to obtain businesses reinvestment in the area. â€Å"Most externally funded programmes were driven by outside constraints and did very little to change the prospects for young men or their stake in what happened† (Power, A etal 1997. ppx). Social aspects are considered to cause social conflict. All of the aforementioned reasons for social conflict lead to an accumulation of pressure upon a family. Home is perceived as a haven where people can take shelter from society, if the home is of poor quality and overcrowded with family breakdown there is no escape for those residing there; they are constantly faced with their deprivation and problems (Dickens, P, 1990). An increase in single parent families means for many youngsters there is no role model to reinforce ideal behaviour. From a study on youth and crime undertaken by ‘The Joseph Rowntree Foundation’ it was discovered that damaged adults create damaged children (Power, A etal 1997). Poor quality parenting, parental conflict, little enthusiasm for education, criminal behaviour and poverty set examples to children that they too would follow. Pressure on the head of the family to be the provider can lead to tensions particularly if the family is in poverty and the parents are unemployed and dependent on welfare. The rest of the family may lose respect for that person, as they cannot provide an affluent lifestyle for their children. The media contribute to social conflict, as they provided a method by which the residents could communicate to the wider society. The media always reported on the riots and often exaggerated the situation. In some cases the media have been prosecuted for encouraging youths to riot so that the reporters could gain a good story for the sake of ratings. â€Å"the newspaper headlines provide a relentless reportage of the consequences of the collapse of excluded communities† (Hoggett, P 1997 pp13) Areas were often stereotyped as being ‘bad’ by the media. The estates then experienced difficulties in trying to escape this labelling especially when applying for jobs. Weak social control caused by weak links with the wider society also contributed to social conflict. The youths were rarely punished for the riots and often gained support, attention and funding from the Government as a result. Due to lack of enforcement upon them they were constantly pushing the boundaries. They felt they had nothing to lose by rioting. Changes in society lead to increased tensions between marginalized groups and the police service. The police provided little protection to the community, they only responded to reported crimes. Due to the intimidation of the residents from the criminals on the estates, police struggled to find witnesses for the incidents. The police were therefore limited. Tensions between the criminals and the police grew, as the youths antagonised the police knowing that the police were unable to arrest them (Crowther, C 1997). During the riots the battle between the police and the youths was therefore often personal (Power, A etal, 1997). A diagram to show how rioting may occur. Riot Denial of voice Alternative power Boys excluded from family, Control battle school, work, leisure facilities Violence in public areas Loss of control Alternative voice Control vacuum Gang Formation Police challenge Hard tough style Rumbling disorder Intimidation, law-breaking Display of power Notoriety (Power A etal, 1997 pp53) Several case studies can be used to reinforce the reasons given. I have selected Blackbird Lees, and Bradford. Blackbird Lees is a housing estate located on the periphery of a large town in the Midlands in the 1950’s and 1960’s to house workers from the local industries. Only 8% of the houses were owner-occupied. The estate had few basic services such as shops, a medical centre, public houses and a bus route to the town centre. The population was predominantly young with 56% being under the age of 25, and 94% of the estates population were white. Unemployment levels were high at 42% and 22% of households were single parented. By the mid 1980’s the estate was perceived as being one of the least desirable estates in the area. The area has a history of anti-social behaviour such as crime and harassment. The ethnic minorities were usually the first to be harassed. In 1992, the estate was awarded 15 million pounds to improve housing, services, diversify the tenure and increase resident involvement. A particular activity of the youths was to steal and ride motorbikes over the large areas of open space near to the estate. Residents wanting to use the green for other purposes felt too intimidated to do so. Petitions were drawn up and handed to the police who found it hard to impose control. Bikes were difficult to chase and often the bikers outnumbered the police. The riot was triggered by the arrest of three youths for a motorbiking related offence. Later that day fifty youths congregated and caused damage to the surrounding area in protest. More youths were arrested and the disorder continued and escalated over the following nights. On the fifth night 150 police with protective equipment took control of the situation and the disturbances ceased. Many residents, police and Councillors felt the disturbances were minor, and that the media exaggerated the events. There were conflicting perspectives of the role of the police; some believed they neglected the brewing problems for too long, whilst others believed they overreacted to the disturbance (Power, A etal 1997) Bradford is another area that suffered riots only this year. Bradford used to be dominated by the textile industry; due to the industry’s decline many people were made unemployed. During the summer of 2001, riots broke out sparked by the general election. The area has a large ethnic minority population, high unemployment numbers and a substantial young population. A high percentage of voters supported the British Nationalist Party (BNP). The BNP gained much of their support by feeding from the tensions between the minorities and the ‘whites’. The BNP fuelled ideas that the ‘Asians’ were taking all the benefits and jobs from the ‘whites’, and that the ‘Asians’ were the reason the whites were deprived. Both gangs had been involved in attacks prior to these riots. One night the ‘Asians’ congregated in the streets and caused a full scale violent riot where the local vicinity was attacked and vandalised. It is thought they did this due to the propaganda spread by the BNP, which made them feel alienated in their own neighbourhood. The riot was very territorial fighting for social space to exist freely within (www. bbc. co. uk. news 2001). In conclusion, social conflict is the result of a concoction of factors that when fused together result in an explosion of disorder. The factors are social, economical, racial, demographical, political and geographical (Benyon, J 1987). When the status of these factors leads to a socially excluded deprived ‘class’ of people who feel discriminated against, rioting is often witnessed. There are however, some more deprived areas where rioting has never occurred. This may be because there is stronger police control, or the age of the population may be evenly dispersed. All the areas that witnessed riots had large groups of young unemployed males living in a similar deprived geographical location (Crowther, C 1997). These men are â€Å"more vulnerable to group solidarity with other, similarly excluded, vulnerable, disorientated and poorly prepared young men† (Power, A etal, 1997. p51) These men were socially excluded and so rioted to release aggression, to be noticed, and to attempt to break the vicious circle they were born into. Riots are perceived by many as the ‘revenge of the socially excluded’ (Crowther, C. 1997). Riots can produce results. The people involved in the riots are very rarely reprimanded for their actions, instead more money and programmes are set up to improve the infrastructure, services and support. Positive action needs to be taken in order to prevent further outbreaks. For a stable future young people should be taught that there are other non-violent ways to voice their opinions and recognise that an interest in their education can lead to better job prospects. A population mix should be generated in order to diversify the types of people living together. Activities within the community to relieve boredom and give people a shared interest should be initiated. Improved support should be given to parents and families and to community development groups. These ideas should be taken into account when planning future housing development and regeneration (Power, A etal, 1997). It is also argued that planning decisions from the past have contributed to the racial tensions and exclusion of certain groups by creating ‘ghetto’ type areas through the housing policies (Solomos, J 1993). There are many aspects as discussed previously that when integrated lead to social conflict; the major cause being the long term exclusion and deprivation that the so-called ‘underclass’ are made to suffer. They endeavour to change their situation but with so many limitations upon them, they are rarely successful other than through rioting. Multiple deprivation has dangerous consequences. How to cite What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain’s cities in the last ten years?, Papers

Through The Tunnel By Doris Lessing Essays - Fiction, Style

Through the tunnel by Doris Lessing Point of View Essay In the short story "Through the tunnel", Doris Lessing describes the adventure of Jerry, a young English boy trying to swim through an underwater tunnel. Throughout the story, the author uses the third person omniscient point of view to describe the boy's surroundings and to show us both what he and the other characters are thinking and what is happening around them. By using this point of view, the author is able to describe the setting of the story, give a detailed description of the characters, and make the theme visible. By using the third person omniscient point of view, the narrator can give us a detailed and unbiased description of his/her surroundings while still retaining part of the character's view of reality. When the narrator says "It was a wild-looking place, and there was no one there" we are given the mother's view of the boy's beach, which in her opinion is "wild looking". This gives us a clear picture of the setting. Additionally, the sentence "He went out fast over the gleaming sand, over a middle region where rocks lay like discolored monsters under the surface, and then he was in the real sea - a warm sea where irregular cold currents from the deep water shocked his limbs" clearly describes the beach where the boy is swimming and how it is seen by him. With the addition of words like "discoloured monsters" and "real sea" we can tell what the boy's feeling are toward his beach which he considers scary but at the same time challenging. By using the third person omniscient point of view, the narrator is able to render the characters with information related both from direct description and from the other character's revelations. This way, the description remains unbiased, but at the same time coherent with how the various characters see it. For example, after the narrator tells us that "He was an only child, eleven years old. She was a widow. She was determined to be neither possessive nor lacking in devotion.", we are able to understand why the boy is so emotionally attached to his mother and, at the beginning, unwilling to ask her for permission to go to his beach and, later in the story, unwilling to let her know about his adventure through the tunnel. This also explains why the mother let him go without questions, even if she was very worried about him. Also, when the narrator describes the native boys as "big boys - men to Jerry", we realize that although the boys might be only a little older than Jerry, he con siders them as men and he tries everything to become like one of them, even going through the long, dark and dangerous underwater tunnel. I believe that if the writer would have used first person point of view, we would only perceive what that single character is experiencing, thus giving us a limited and one-sided view of the world. In this story, the narrator gives us the important clues that lead us to the theme by letting us know what the characters think. For example, when the Jerry's mother says "Of course he's old enough to be safe without me", we realize that the boy is at a point in his life when he is ready to discover the world by himself. In addition, when his mother thinks "Have I been keeping him too close? He mustn't feel he ought to be with me. I must be careful.", we realize that the author implies that it is wrong to keep him close to her for too long, and both these examples add to the notion that the rite of passage must be undergone without the interference of others. Obviously, this concept wouldn't have been clear without the view of the mother. In addition, Jerry perceives swimming through the underwater tunnel as something that men (the other boys) must accomplish, and that specific action has to be seen as "the rite of passage" in this story. With the third person omniscient point of view, the narrator is able to make the theme clearly visible to the reader, which is that a rite of